美国拟定多套军事方案部署东亚 遏阻中国

The U.S. military has prepared options for a muscular response to any future Chinese provocations in the South and East China seas, ranging from displays of B-2 bomber flights near China to aircraft-carrier exercises near its coastal waters, officials said.

美国官员称，美国军方准备了多种方案，将强有力地应对中国未来在南中国海（中国称南海）和东中国海（中国称东海）的任何挑衅行动。这些方案包括向靠近中国的地方派遣B-2轰炸机，以及在接近中国沿海水域的范围举行航母演习。

The menu of options, described by officials briefed on the action plan, reflects concerns that U.S. allies in Asia have questions about the Obama administration's commitments to its security obligations, particularly after Russia's seizure of the Crimean peninsula.

了解行动计划的官员描述的这些行动反映出，美国关切亚洲盟友对于奥巴马政府承诺的安全责任的质疑，尤其是在俄罗斯吞并克里米亚半岛之后。

The security question has closely followed President Barack Obama in recent days during his four-country Asian trip.

美国总统奥巴马(Barack Obama)近日访问亚洲四国，安全问题是他此行的一个重要议题。

Washington's closest allies in Asia have told American counterparts that Crimea is seen as a possible litmus test of what Washington will do if China attempted a similar power grab in the South China and East China seas, according to current and former U.S. officials.

据现任和前任美国官员透露，华盛顿在亚洲关系最密切的盟友告诉美方，克里米亚被认为是检验华盛顿与亚洲盟友关系的试金石，显示出如果中国试图以同样的方式强行夺取南中国海和东中国海争议区域，华盛顿会作何反应。

'They're concerned. But it's not only about Crimea. It's a crescendo that's been building,' a senior U.S. defense official said, citing skepticism in Asia that Washington is prepared to back up its word and carry through on its renewed strategic focus on Asia.

一位美国高级国防官员说，他们十分关注，但不仅是针对克里米亚，这是不断积累的形势。他说，亚洲各国怀疑华盛顿是否准备证明自己的话，贯彻其“重返亚洲”的新战略。

In the Philippines on Monday, the president was set to sign an agreement allowing for the return of U.S. forces to the country more than two decades after Philippine opposition forced Washington to abandon its military network there.

周一，美国总统将在菲律宾签署一项协议，允许美军在二十多年后重返菲律宾。此前，菲律宾反对党曾迫使美国方面放弃了在菲律宾的军事基地。

Similarly, Mr. Obama in a visit to Japan stood side-by-side Thursday with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and called the U.S. treaty commitments to Japan's security 'absolute.'

同样，上周四奥巴马访问日本时与日本首相安倍晋三(Shinzo Abe)并排站在了一起，并表示，美国在条约中对日本的安保承诺是“绝对的”。

On each stop in Asia, including South Korea and Malaysia, Mr. Obama's trip was accompanied by concerns over aggression by Moscow and its militant allies in defiance of warnings by the U.S. and other Western powers.

奥巴马的亚洲之行还包括对韩国和马来西亚的访问，其访问的每一站都伴随着对莫斯科及其军事盟友不顾美国和西方国家的警告而入侵乌克兰的担忧。

Similar concerns were raised in September by South Korean officials after Mr. Obama abruptly called off plans to bomb Syria in response to the regime's use of chemical weapons against the opposition.

去年9月份，奥巴马突然取消轰炸叙利亚的计划后，韩国官员也表达出了类似的担忧情绪。轰炸叙利亚的计划原本是针对叙利亚政权向反对派使用化学武器做出的回应。

The new U.S. options were developed by the Hawaii-based U.S. Pacific Command in recent months, and come after the international crisis last year in which China unilaterally declared an air-defense zone around islands that are the subject of a territorial dispute with Japan.

美国的新方案是美国在夏威夷的太平洋司令部(U.S. Pacific Command)在近几个月制定的。去年，中国单方面宣布把中日间存在领土争端的岛屿划入防空识别区，此举引发了国际危机。

Defense officials said the options have been drafted to apply to any provocative act in the region, whether carried out by China or North Korea. Defense officials are currently revising the options in the context of a possible act of aggression by North Korea, with some officials arguing Pyongyang is poised to begin a 'cycle of provocation.'

国防官员说，上述方案适用于该地区的任何挑 行为，无论这些行为来自中国还是朝鲜。在朝鲜可能采取侵犯行为的背景下，国防官员目前正在修改这些方案。一些官员称，平壤方面可能开始一系列挑 行为。

The Pacific Command, like other U.S. regional military commands world-wide, regularly drafts military options and contingency plans. The options were recently updated to make them brawnier, defense officials said.

太平洋司令部和美国在全球其他地区的军事司令部一样，定期制定军事方案和应急计划。美国国防官员们表示，近期更新了这些方案以强化效力。

'Combatant Commands everything from exercises and humanitarian assistance, disaster relief operations all the way up to full-scale combat operations,' said Capt. Chris Sims, the spokesman for Pacific Command. 'In the plans that they create, options are provided to senior military and civilian leadership.'

太平洋司令部发言人锡姆斯(Chris Sims)说，作战司令部的计划涵盖方方面面，从演习和人道救助到救灾行动，一直到全面的作战行动。他表示，在这些计划中，各种方案都会提交给高层军事和政府领导层。

In addition to bomber flights and aircraft carrier maneuvers, the options include demonstrations of U.S. power such as increasing surveillance operations near China, and stepping up U.S. naval port visits to allies.

除了派遣轰炸机和航空母舰，美国的行动方案还包括：加强对中国附近地区的监视、增加美国海军对盟友港口的停靠等，以展示美国的军事实力。

A senior Obama administration official declined to comment on details of any military options, but said unilateral moves by Beijing--such as the declaration of another air-defense zone in the region--' could result in changes in our military posture and presence' in the region.

奥巴马政府的一位高级官员不愿就任何军事行动方案的细节置评，但表示，如果中国采取新的单边行动——例如宣布在该地区再划设一块防空识别区，可能会导致美国在该区域的军事姿态和军事存在发生变化。

The military options don't specify particular responses to individual actions. Rather, officials briefed on the options said, the actions would need to be tailored to the specific incident, such as maritime confrontation.

军事方案没有具体说明针对单独行为作出的特别反应。不过，了解行动方案的官员说，具体行动需要针对具体事件（例如海上对抗）量身定制。

Under the U.S. options, any new moves in the region by China to assert its claims unilaterally would be met by an American military challenge intended to get Beijing to back down. U.S. officials said the White House would be prepared to step up military deployments in disputed waters in the South and East China Seas, in a more direct challenge to Chinese claims there than the U.S. has taken in the past.

根据美国的方案，如果中国在该地区采取新的行动来单方面宣示主权，则将会面临美国的军事挑战，旨在迫使北京作出让步。美国官员说，白宫将做好准备，加强在南中国海（中国称南海）和东中国海（中国称东海）争议水域的军事部署，对中国在该水域的领土主张发起更直接的挑战。

The steps can be taken without risking a shooting war, officials say, citing intelligence that suggests there are divisions within the Chinese military establishment about how to respond. U.S. defense officials said some of the options are designed to send a subtle message, like stepped-up port calls by Navy ships or increasing the size and scope of already-planned exercises. All of the contingency plans, said a defense official, are designed to allow a potential adversary a chance to de-escalate.

美国官员说，美国不用冒着与中国开战的风险就能采取行动，情报显示中国军方内部在如何回应的问题上存在分歧。美国国防部官员说，其中的一些方案旨在传递出一个微妙的信号，例如美国海军舰船增加港口停靠、加大现有军事演习计划的规模和范围等。一位国防部官员说，所有应急计划都是为了给潜在对手一个缓和紧张局势的机会。

'Never push your enemy into a corner because you might get a reaction you don't want,' said a U.S. official, specifying the need for an 'off ramp.'

一位美国官员说，永远不要把敌人逼到角落，因为对方可能会做出你不想看到的反应。

China has repeatedly said it would respond to American shows of military might in kind. China has been investing heavily in its military, modernizing its forces and becoming a stronger regional power.

中国一再表示，将对美国可能进行的武力炫耀予以同样的回应。中国一直在加大军备开支，不断推进军队现代化，中国在亚太地区的军事地位也进一步得到了增强。

The White House authorized U.S. military aircraft flights in a show of force last year during a spike in tensions with North Korea. The U.S. also flew B-52s over disputed islands in the East China Sea when China in November established its Air Defense Identification Zone.

在去年美国与朝鲜的紧张关系出现升级时，白宫授权美国战机进行了以炫耀武力为目的飞行演练。去年11月中国划设防空识别区时，美国也派出B-52轰炸机飞跃了东中国海( East China Sea, 中国称东海)的有争议岛屿。

Current and former officials said among the more provocative options on the table to counter China would include expanded U.S. surveillance flights and sending U.S. aircraft carriers through disputed waters close to the Chinese coast, including the strait of Taiwan.

美国的现任和前任官员们表示，还可以采取一些更具挑 性可选对策来对抗中国，其中包括：扩大美国战机的侦察飞行规模，派遣航母进入中国沿海附近的有争议水域，其中包括台湾海峡。

The U.S. Navy regularly sends destroyers and cruisers through the strait of Taiwan in lower-profile freedom-of-navigation operations, but sending a carrier through would mark a significant escalation, officials said.

美国官员们表示，美国海军定期派遣驱逐舰和巡洋舰进入台湾海峡，低调展现自由通航权。但如果派遣一艘航母通过台湾海峡，则标志着美方应对举措力度的显著升级。

Doubts about U.S. resolve haven't been expressed publicly by Asian leaders during the president's trip.

在奥巴马此次亚洲访问期间，亚洲国家的领导人并未公开表达对美国应对中国决心的质疑。

Under threat from Russia, Kiev earlier this year appealed to Washington for small arms and ammunition, as well as for nonlethal items like flak jackets and night-vision goggles. Wary of antagonizing Moscow, the White House dragged out internal deliberations for weeks before deciding earlier this month to send helmets, sleeping mats and other nonlethal gear deemed by U.S. officials to be less provocative--but no arms.

面对来自俄罗斯的威胁，乌克兰政府今年早些时候曾向要求美国提供轻武器、弹药以及防弹衣和夜视仪等非杀伤性装备。由于担心惹恼莫斯科，白宫经过长达数周的内部讨论后，于本月早些时候决定向乌克兰提供头盔、睡垫和其他美国官员认为对莫斯科刺激较小的非杀伤性装备，而不是武器。

U.S. officials say Asian allies who want to know how Washington would respond to future acts of Chinese aggression shouldn't look at what the U.S. is doing to aid Ukraine but instead at Pentagon moves to reassure Eastern European allies and Baltic states since the U.S. is bound by treaty agreements to help defend them.

美国官员称，想要知道美国政府如何应对未来中国挑衅行动的亚洲盟友不应从美国对乌克兰的援助上寻找答案，而要看美国是如何采取行动来打消东欧盟友和波罗的海诸国的担忧的，因为美国与这些欧洲国家都签署了防卫条约。

The Pentagon last week said it is sending several hundred troops for exercises in Eastern Europe, and that it would keep a rotational naval presence in the Black Sea. A senior military official said the changes were small but 'proportional to the threat.'

五角大楼上周宣布将派数百名士兵前往东欧进行军演，并将在黑海轮驻海军力量。一位高级军事官员称，这些变化虽小，却足以应对威胁。

As with its North Atlantic Treaty Organization partners in Europe, the U.S. has defense treaties with Japan, South Korea and the Philippines. The U.S., in contrast, has no such agreement to defend Ukraine, U.S. officials have told their Asian counterparts. 'It's comparing apples and oranges,' said a senior military official.

除了与北大西洋公约组织(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)的欧洲成员国签署防务条约外，美国与日本、韩国和菲律宾也签署了防卫条约。不过美国官员对亚洲国家官员称，美国与乌克兰之间不存在类似的协议。一位高级军事官员表示，这两者不能相提并论。

Like Ukraine, nontreaty allies in Asia would get more-limited support from the U.S., officials said.

官员们称，与乌克兰一样，美国对未签署防卫条约的亚洲盟国的支持也比较有限。

U.S. officials have privately warned their Chinese counterparts in recent exchanges, including a visit to Beijing by Secretary of State John Kerry in February, that the U.S. won't accept moves by China to unilaterally declare another air-defense identification zone or to assert Chinese territorial claims in the South and East China Seas, according to U.S. officials.

美国官员表示，美国近期曾私下警告中国不要再单方面划设防空识别区、或是对南中国海（中国称南海）和东中国海（中国称东海）坚决提出领土要求，美国国务卿克里(John Kerry)在今年2月份访问北京时也向中国传达了这一意见。

It was unclear how seriously Beijing takes the warning. In February, following Mr. Kerry's visit to Beijing, Chinese leaders told a visiting American delegation that they didn't take U.S. warnings seriously.

但中国对待这个警告的态度不甚明了。2月份，在克里到访北京后，中国领导人对前来访问的一个美国代表团表示，他们并不看重美方的警告。

'Unfortunately, I don't think they're convinced by our muscularity,' said a former administration official who took part in the delegation. 'If we think we're ready to pull the trigger but they don't think that we're ready to pull the trigger, that's when bad things happen.'

代表团一位前政府官员称，他不认为中国被美国的军事威慑所折服。他说，如果美国认为自己做好了行动的准备，中国却不这么认为，那么坏事就会发生。