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托福阅读同义词大全

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托福阅读同义词大全

托福阅读同义词大全

1 abandon = give up 放弃,中止

2 abrupt = sudden 突然的,出其不意的

3 abundant = plentiful, ample 充裕的,丰富的

4 accede = assent, agree 同意,答应

5 accessible = reachable 易使用的

6 account for = explain 解释,说明

7 accumulate = collect 积累,集聚

8 acquit = release 宣判…无罪

9 adequate = enough 足够的,充分的

10 adhere = stick, cling 黏附,附着

11 adroit = dexterous 灵巧的

12 advent = arrival 出现,带来

13 affluent = wealthy, better-off 富裕的,富足的

14 aimless = purposeless 无目的的,没有目标的

15 aggravate = worsen, exacerbate 使恶化

16 agile = quick and active (思维)机敏的

17 alternate = rotate 轮流,交替

18 amplify = enlarge 放大

19 ample = sufficient 充足的,充裕的

20 analogous = similar 相似的,类似的

21 ancient = early 古老的,年代久远的

22 apart from = except for 除…以外

23 arid = dry, barren 干燥的,干旱的

24 aroma = fragrance 芳香,香气,香味

25 arise = emerge 引起,产生

26 astute = shrewd 精明的,敏锐的

27 aspire = desire, crave 渴望,渴求

28 asset = advantage 有利条件;长处

29 assess = evaluate 评定,评价

30 assist = aid, help 协助,帮助

31 assume = suppose 假定,假设,认为

32 assure = guarantee 向…保证,使确信

33 attain = win 得到,获得

34 attest = confirm 证明,作为(…的)证据

35 augment = increase 加强;提高

36 authentic = reliable 可靠的,真实的

37 available = obtainable 可获得的;可用的

38 avenue = means 途径,方法

39 barely = scarcely 几乎不

40 basic = fundamental, essential 基本的,基础的

41 believe = be convinced 相信

42 benevolent = beneficent 仁慈的,仁爱的

43 bewilder = puzzle, baffle 使迷惑,使迷茫

44 brawl = quarrel 争吵

45 captivate = fascinate, allure, lure, attract 使着迷,迷住

46 cardinal = fundamental 基本的

47 cargo = shipment 货物

48 catastrophe = disaster 灾难

49 celebrated = famous, well-known 著名的,出名的

50 central = middle 中心的,中部的

51 chaotic = unorganized 混乱的,毫无秩序的

新托福阅读题型特点简介:基础信息题+篇章应用题

一、基础信息题

具体分析起来,新托福阅读基础信息题中除插话题和修辞目的题外,主要仍是旧托福出现过的传统题型。基础理解题重点考查读者对基础项目的理解,特别是读者根据文章的词汇、句法和语义内容理解把握重要信息的能力。它主要包括以下几个具体题型:

词汇题:考查读者根据上下文理解特定词和短语的能力。这种题型虽难度不大,但占每篇文章后所有题目的三分之一,故考生仍应重视起来。

指代关系题:

考查读者认定代词与其它首语重复机制以及先行词/后置词的关系的能力。

句子简化题:考查读者认定文章中某一特定复杂句子所传达的基本内容,并不受细枝末节的干扰,用简化的句子表达原句基本内容的能力。

插话题:考查读者将特定的一句话插入文章顺序相连的四个句子之间的能力。这个题型是国内考试常见的Cloze Test的进一步发展,可谓技高一筹。要完成任务,读者必须深入理解各个句子间的词汇、语法和逻辑联系。这是新题型,有相当难度,考生应特别重视。

事实信息题:考查读者抓住文章中阐明的信息,并排除干扰回答问题的能力。读者的任务是在题中某意译的短语选出一个与文章中某相应句子建立对应关系。此题型虽然有难度,数量也较大,但属于老题型。

正误判断题:考查读者根据文章中阐明的信息,判断题中的短语哪些是正确的,哪些是错误的或文章没有提到的信息。

推论题:文章中有些论点/观点没有明确阐述,但却强烈暗示出来了。例如,结果引出了,推论题就可能问造成结果的起因。如果文中有比较,推论题就可能问及比较的基础是什么。如果文中有对某一新现象的明确阐述,推论题就可能要求推论旧现象的特征。推论题虽然是传统题型,但难度很大,需要考生花大功夫准备。

修辞目的题:考查读者透过表面特定的修辞方法/方式发掘潜在的目的能力。要求读者发现外在修辞特征背后的修辞目的。

二、篇章应用题

新托福阅读篇章应用题不仅仅要求根据词汇、句法和语义内容理解具体的点和大意,而且要求认定文章的结构和目的。具体说来,要求将文章的信息升华组织成一个腹稿般的框架;区分主要和次要观点、根本内容与非根本内容;理解诸如因果关系、比较反衬关系和论证等修辞功能。要求读者根据原文内容,使用图表和/或总结表重构中心思想和重点支持信息。对全篇有系统深入的理解,从而进行重构是篇章应用题的关键目标。它要求读者能从文章提取和记忆重要的信息并将其应用在新的情境中。如果读者能在头脑中抽象出一个框架,他就必然能根据课文重构中心思想和相关重要信息。实际上篇章应用题是要求读者在篇章水平上对全文有一个总的把握。这对中国考生是一场全新的考验。它考察的是综合能力。是新托福阅读部分的难点和重点,要花大力气才能有所突破。它主要包括以下几个具体题型:

篇章总结题:考查读者理解全篇中心思想和相关重要信息的能力。读者通过区分主要和次要观点、以及文章没有提及的观点达到总结全篇的目的。实际上,这一题型要求通过对主旨句的选择和重组,完成一个完整的全篇总结。在篇章水平上对全文的综合理解和掌握,

以及瞬间的归纳总结能力是考查的重点。欲提高此题的分数,

考生应将功夫下在平时:经常锻炼自己在完成某篇章的阅读后,迅速赶写总结的能力。

图表题:考查考生从文章中归纳和组织主要但分散的观点和其他相关重要信息的能力。这种题型是听力部分填表题的在阅读部分的深化和发展。它同样是考查读者对分散信息点的进行简单的归类整理。

托福阅读排除题举例解析

我们大体可以把托福阅读题型中的排除题分为三个考察方向:1 对最基本的细节信息理解的考察。2 对事件发展程序理解的考察。3 对文章或段落主题抓取能力的考察。

一、对最基本的细节信息理解的考察

这里可以用更简单的说法:从词中选。 所谓从词中选,就是可以在文章中找到几个名词,他们排列存在,共同构成某一事件的所有细节。这时候,出题者会提取出其中三个,并在文章别处或者自编一个跟本事件并无关系的名词(词组)。

请看下面的例子:

In1943, the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem ofhousing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, butin some locations, including NY, controls continued. Under NY’s controls, alandlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenantscontinue to renew their leases. In places as Santa Monica, California, rentcontrols are more recent. They were spurred by inflation of the 1970’s, whichcombined with California’s rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, aswell as rents, to record levels.

Which of the following was NOT a reason forthe introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica, California?

A. Rapid population growth

B. Inflation

C. Economic conditions duringwartime

D. Record-high housing prices

在这道排除题中,由于四个选项提供的信息都是用名词词组,我们可以断定,段落中一定存在其中三个词组,而题干中又出现地名Santa Monica, California. 故可将此地名作为关键词,锁定答案所在句子,然后逐一排除。而……as Santa Monica, California, rent controlsare more recent. They were spurred by inflation of the 1970’s, which combinedwith California’s rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, ……. 这句话当中分别提到了A, B, D三个答案,所以答案为C.

二、对事件发展程序理解的考察

这类排除题,也可以叫做------从句中选。即考题所提供的答案均为相对比较完整的句子,那么其中有三句话,一定是表达了整个事件发展比较关键的几个步骤,只有一句话与此步骤相悖。这类排除题通常比较耗费时间,考生需要准确判断其事件发展步骤,甚至要通读全段,才能找出正确选项。这里,我给大家提供一种在很大程度上节省时间的方法------点对点寻找。

请看下面的例子:

The sauce that is today called ketchup (orcatsup) in western cultures is a tomato-based sauce that is quite distinct fromthe eastern ancestors of this product. A sauce called ke-tiap was in use inChina at least as early as the seventeenth century but the Chinese version ofsauce was made of pickled fish, shellfish, and spices. The popularity of thisChinese sauce spread to Singapore and Malaysia where it was called kechap. The Indonesiasauce ketjab drives its name from the same sauce as Malaysian sauce but is madefrom very different ingredients. The Indonesian ketjab is made by cooking blacksoy beans, fermenting them, placing them in salt brine for at least a week,cooking the resulting solution further, and sweetening it heavily; this processresults in a dark, thick, and sweet variation of soy sauce.

It is NOT stated in paragraph 1 that

A. the Chinese sauce was inexistence in 17th century

B. the Malaysian sauce was similarto the Chinese sauce

C. the Chinese sauce was made fromseafood and spices

D. the Indonesian sauce wassimilar to the Chinese sauce

对于这道题,题干中没有任何指示性的词汇,我们无法判断是从事件的哪个阶段入手,那么就只能每个答案逐一排除。仔细阅读A选项,然后发现A选项中有17th century, 故可以将其作为关键线索,去文中寻找,……called ke-tiap was in use in China at least as early as theseventeenth century…… 文中的这句话表明A不能作为正确答案。

那么继续看B, B选项中同时提到Malaysian 与Chinese. 则可以到文中去寻找两个国籍名词同时出现的句子,通过判断,…… this Chinese sauce spread to Singapore and Malaysia where it wascalled kechap. 这句话表明,B也不能作为正确答案。继续看C,C 选项当中有Chinese, 还有seafood andspices,于是锁定文中句子……the Chineseversion of sauce was made of pickled fish, shellfish, and spices……, 故C也不是正确选项。至此,我们可以直接选择D作为排除选项。

三、对文章或段落主题抓取能力的考察

答题时注意看每个选项,尤其是当选项中出现了在该段落中没有的词句时,就可以考虑可能会有某个选项跟本段甚至整片文章的主题是相悖的。

请看下面例题:

Decades before this disaster,environmentalist had predicted just such an enormous oil spill in this areabecause of the treacherous nature of the waters due to the submerged reefs,icebergs, and violent storms there. They had urged that oil be transported tothe continental United States by land-based pipeline rather than by oil tankeror by undersea pipeline to reduce the potential damage to the environment posedby the threat of an oil spill.

Which point is NOT made by theenvironmentalist mentioned in paragraph 2?

A. That a huge oil spill in thewaters off Alaska was possible.

B. That the waters off the coastof Alaska were dangerous for ships.

C. That oil tanker should not beused to transport oil from Alaska.

D. That an undersea pipeline waspreferable to a land-based pipeline.

这道题题干中提到的environmentalist是整个该段的主语,故不能作为关键信息词。而发现A. C.中的Alaska,都在段落中没有提到。所以可以考虑某个答案与主题相悖。这类题目,也可以多关注段落中是否有表示转折的词汇,例如but, instead of, however, rather than. 所以,稍加阅读后,发现……land-based pipeline rather than by oil tanker or by underseapipeline…… 这句话当中出现rather than, 锁定D选项中同样的话语,刚好与原文观点相反,所以选择D.