现在分词语法知识点详解
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
(1)现在分词的形式：否定式：not + 现在分词
现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。
现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
(2)现在分词的句法功能：
①现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.
②现在分词作表语：
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. The present situation is inspiring. 鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
③作宾语补足语：如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room?He kept the car waiting at the gate.
④作状语：
A. 作时间状语： (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
B. 作原因状语： Being a League member, he is always helping others.
C.作方式状语，表示伴随： He stayed at home, cleaning and washing.
D.作条件状语： (If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
E. 作结果状语： He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.
F.作目的状语： He went swimming the other day.
G.作让步状语： Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
H.与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head. 我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
The window is broken. They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：
The window is broken.(系表)The window was broken by the boy.(被动)
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：
boiled water(开有时也可用with (without) +名词(代词宾格)+分词形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
E. 作独立成分：
Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看，他一定是个演员。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。
5 过去分词 ：过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由原形动词词尾加-ed构成.不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则，要一一记住 。
过去分词的句法功能：
1)过去分词作定语：
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
(2)过去分词作表语：
fallen leaves(落叶)newly arrived goods(新到的货)
the risen sun(升起的太阳)the changed world(变了的世界)
这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
(3) 过去分词作宾语补足语：
I heard the song sung several times last week.
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：With the work done, they went out to play.
(4)过去分词作状语：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. (表示原因)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten. (表示时间)
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.(表示条件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.(表示让步)
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave.
